Journal of International Studies on Energy Affairs

The Role of Indonesia's Defense Diplomacy Against Human Trafficking Cases on The Indonesia-Malaysia Border in The Perspective of International Law

2024-12-02T22:50:36+00:00

Human trafficking is a cross-border crime and a major concern in the context of international relations today. This issue not only constitutes a serious threat to global security, but also a specific concern for Indonesia. Human trafficking involves not only criminal aspects, but also significant violations of human rights and human security. This study aims to analyze Indonesia's defense diplomacy in addressing human trafficking cases along the Indonesia–Malaysia border from the perspective of international law. Using a normative legal research method based on secondary data, this study applies the theoretical framework of non-traditional security and human trafficking theory. The non-traditional security approach emphasizes that security threats today extend beyond military issues and include transnational crimes such as human trafficking, which threaten human dignity and individual safety. Meanwhile, human trafficking theory provides insights into the patterns, causes, and dynamics of trafficking, emphasizing its nature as a complex organized crime that spans borders. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s defense diplomacy plays a significant role in cross-border cooperation and prevention strategies, particularly through the GBC forum, where both countries' Defense Ministers agreed to empower the police in law enforcement efforts, including the establishment of the Joint Police Cooperation Committee (JPCC).

The Green Climate Fund in the post-Paris Agreement era: an analysis of multiple decision centres from a polycentric-governance perspective

2025-05-20T01:04:50+00:00

The Green Climate Fund (GCF) emerged as a central mechanism for delivering climate finance in the post-Paris Agreement era. The GCF operates as a polycentric institution characterised by multiple overlapping centres of authority and decision-making. This study examines the GCF’s governance structure, focusing on its polycentric nature and the interplay among its multiple centres of authority, using an actor focus. This research aims to assess the extent to which the GCF embodies the characteristics of polycentric governance’s actor focus across multiple decision centres. Previous studies have not analysed models with multiple centres of authority in detail. This study clarifies the number and diversity of actors and authorities, linkages between actors and authorities, and differing levels of authority within a governance system. The findings demonstrate that the GCF has involved multiple actors from multiple authority and decision-making centres. This study contributes to the scholarly understanding of polycentric governance systems in climate-finance institutions.

How does the fight against climate change intersect with the domestic and foreign policies of states? The Case of China

2025-04-29T11:44:01+00:00

This research aims to know the intersection between the domestic and foreign policies of China in tackling Climate change. Climate change issues that appeared in the 1980s were not considered by China as important issues both in the domestic and foreign policies. Indeed, at that time China was focused on the development of its economy. But in recent years, the position of China drastically changed. Not only active in the various international engagements on tackling climate change but China also vowed to be responsible for a major power in the global response to climate change. The reasons behind China's increased engagement in climate action, suggest a combination of domestic pressures and foreign policy objectives. If in the domestic pressures, the apocalypse became the main reason for the active engagement of China, in the aspect of foreign policy, China aimed to enhance its global image and influence by positioning itself as a responsible actor in climate change, especially in the perceived leadership vacuum left by the US withdrawal from the Paris Agreement. By taking a leading role in climate action, China seeks to gain soft power, influencing other nations through attraction and cooperation rather than coercion.

Framing in BBC's News Coverage on the IMF-World Bank and the Belt and Road Initiative

2025-05-20T01:07:33+00:00

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), a major international news outlet based in the UK, wields significant influence over global information flow. As a corporation under the UK’s royal charter, its coverage of the IMF-World Bank and China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ raises questions about impartiality. Global political dynamics have fueled competition between the West and China over economic influence, particularly through loans from the IMF-World Bank and the ‘Belt and Road Initiative.’ Using Robert M. Entman’s framing model, this article examines ten BBC articles to explore how these loans are framed, revealing a tendency to positively portray the IMF-World Bank and negatively report on the ‘Belt and Road Initiative.’ These patterns align with the BBC’s identity as a statutory UK corporation amid this geopolitical rivalry.