Indonesia's Nuclear Ambition: Analysing the Shift from 'Last Resort' to a Strategic Pillar in the National Energy Policy

Abstract

Indonesia faces the dual challenge of meeting energy demand for economic development while committing to Net Zero Emissions (NZE) by 2060. For decades, nuclear power was designated a "last resort" due to seismic risks and public apprehension. This paper analyzes the fundamental policy shift repositioning nuclear energy as a "strategic pillar" in long-term planning. Using qualitative policy analysis, this study examines primary government documents—including the 2025-2045 National Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN) and Government Regulation No. 40/2025—and official discourse from state actors. Findings confirm a definitive legal and discursive removal of the "last resort" status. This shift is driven by the need to secure stable baseload power to address grid shortfalls and the economic necessity of powering the nation’s 24/7 downstream industrialization program. Technically, the pivot is enabled by the adoption of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), framed to neutralize historical safety objections. This realignment elevates industrial sovereignty and grid stability to co-equal status with decarbonization. The study concludes that while this ambition clarifies the pathway to NZE 2060, implementation faces challenges including massive financing, complex regulatory frameworks in a tectonically active nation, and public acceptance. The transition to operation will test Indonesia’s governance and risk management capabilities.