Singapore's Intentions in Signing the Decarbonization Cooperation Framework with Indonesia through Carbon Capture Storage
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper examines Singapore's intentions in signing the Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) cooperation framework with Indonesia. A qualitative descriptive methodology combining primary and secondary data sources was applied to get informative results. The concept used in this research is the international regime, alongside the cooperation theory by Holsti. The analysis shows that Singapore has the decarbonization roadmap to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions they have produced through cooperating with another country in CCS. The results reveal that the commitment reflects Singapore's responsibility in accordance with the Paris Agreement as an international regime. Singapore's rationalization in cooperating with Indonesia is based on the geography of Indonesia’s reservoir that is close to Singapore’s central industrial and power plant, Jurong Island. Singapore could cut costs by transferring carbon through pipelines to Indonesian sediment. This research underscores the significant role of bilateral cooperation in shaping the future trajectory of climate change amidst increasing global pressures through the Paris Agreement.
Article Details
References
Barrett, S. (2007). Why cooperate? : the Incentive to Supply Global Public Goods. Oxford University Press.
Best, D., Mulyana, R., Jacobs, B., Iskandar, U. P., & Beck, B. (2011). Status of CCS development in Indonesia. Energy Procedia, 4, 6152–6156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.02.624
Bradford, A. (2007, February 1). Regime Theory. Papers.ssrn.com. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2770647
Climate Council. (n.d.). What is Carbon Capture and Storage? Climate Council. https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/resources/what-is-carbon-capture-and-storage/#:~:text=Carbon%20capture%20and%20storage%20(CCS
de Vos , M. G., Janssen, P. H. M., Kok, M. T. J., Frantzi, S., Dellas, E., Pattberg, P., Petersen, A. C., & Biermann, F. (2013). Formalizing knowledge on international environmental regimes: A first step towards integrating political science in integrated assessments of global environmental change. Environmental Modelling & Software, 44, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.08.004
Della Moretta, D., & Craig, J. (2022). Carbon capture and storage (CCS). EPJ Web of Conferences, 268. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202226800005
Ebaye, S. E. N., & Okputu, S. O. (2023). International Regimes and Systemic Stability in International Relations. International Journal of International Relations, Media and Mass Communication Studies, 9(3). https://eajournals.org/ijirmmcs/vol-9-issue-3-2023/international-regimes-and-systemic-stability-in-international-relations/
EDB Singapore. (2020). Energy & Chemicals. Edb.gov.sg. https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/our-industries/energy-and-chemicals.html
Energy Market Authority of Singapore. (n.d.). EMA | Solar. Www.ema.gov.sg. https://www.ema.gov.sg/our-energy-story/energy-supply/solar
European Chamber of Commerce. (2022). THE ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL DECARBONISATION TOWARDS SINGAPORE’S NET ZERO AMBITION.
European Commission. (2023). EDGAR - GHG emissions of all world countries . Edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu. https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2023
Forster ; Sawsan, P., Mustafa (sudan, K., & Otto, F. (2018). Annex on Global Warming of 1.5 oC. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896.022
Haggard, S., & Simmons, B. A. (1987). Theories of international regimes. International Organization, 41(3), 491–517. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027569
Holsti, K. J. (1998). International politics : a framework for analysis. Prentice-Hall International.
Hori, S. (2015). The Evolution of International Environmental Regimes: Responding to the Difficulty of Effective Implementation in Developing Countries. Core.ac.uk. https://core.ac.uk/reader/144446324
IPCC Climate Change. (2014). Mitigation of climate change: Contribution of working group III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (p. 147).
Kementerian ESDM. (2024). 20 Cekungan Migas Indonesia Simpan Potensi Besar Penyimpanan Karbon. ESDM. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/20-cekungan-migas-indonesia-simpan-potensi-besar-penyimpanan-karbon-
Lau, H. C., Ramakrishna, S., Zhang, K., & Hameed, M. Z. S. (2021). A Decarbonization Roadmap for Singapore and Its Energy Policy Implications. Energies, 14(20), 6455. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206455
Lau, H. C., Zhang, K., Bokka, H. K., & Ramakrishna, S. (2022). A Review of the Status of Fossil and Renewable Energies in Southeast Asia and Its Implications on the Decarbonization of ASEAN. Energies, 15(6), 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062152
Ministry of Sustainability and the Environment. (n.d.). NET ZERO ROADMAP For the Singapore Public Sector. https://www.sustainability.gov/pdfs/singapore-nzgi-roadmap.pdf
Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore. (2024). SINGAPORE AND INDONESIA SIGN LETTER OF INTENT TO COLLABORATE ON CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE .
National Climate Change Secretariat. (n.d.). Buildings. Www.nccs.gov.sg. https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/buildings/
National Climate Change Secretariat. (2020, February 28). Singapore’s Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution and Long-Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy. Www.nccs.gov.sg. https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/press-release/singapores-enhanced-nationally-determined-contribution-and-long-term-low-emissions-development-strategy/
National Climate Change Secretariat Singapore. (n.d.). Industry. Www.nccs.gov.sg. Retrieved July 15, 2024, from https://www.nccs.gov.sg/singapores-climate-action/mitigation-efforts/industry/
National Environment Agency. (n.d.). Greenhouse Gas Inventory. Www.nea.gov.sg. https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/greenhouse-gas-inventory#:~:text=Singapore
National Environment Agency. (2018). SINGAPORE’S Fourth National Communication and Third Biennial Update Report. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/067382541_Singapore-NC4-BUR3-1-Singapore%20Fourth%20National%20Communication%20and%20Third%20Biennia.pdf
National Environment Agency. (2020). INDUSTRY ENERGY EFFICIENCY. https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/our-services/energy-efficiency/industry-energy-efficiency-technology-roadmap.pdf
National Environment Agency of Singapore. (n.d.). Carbon Tax. Nea.gov.sg. Retrieved July 15, 2024, from https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/climate-change-energy-efficiency/climate-change/carbon-tax
Natsir, M. (2024, February 15). Capai Nol Emisi Karbon 2050, Indonesia-Singapura Jalin Kerja Sama CCS. Www.emitennews.com. https://www.emitennews.com/news/capai-nol-emisi-karbon-2050-indonesia-singapura-jalin-kerja-sama-ccs
NS Energy . (2020). Top five countries in Asia-Pacific region for oil refining capacities. NS Energy. https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/countries-oil-refining-asia-pacific/
Paramitha, D. (2024). Navigating Together: Singapore-Indonesia Joint Roadmap for Carbon Storage. Seasia.co. https://seasia.co/2024/02/21/navigating-together-singapore-indonesia-joint-roadmap-for-carbon-storage
Carbon Pricing Act 2018, 23 (2018). https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Acts-Supp/23-2018/
Powering Lives. (n.d.). Singapore’s Energy Story. Www.poweringlives.gov.sg. https://www.poweringlives.gov.sg/about/singapore-energy-story/
PPID. (2022). Enhanced NDC: Komitmen Indonesia untuk Makin Berkontribusi dalam Menjaga Suhu Global. Ppid.menlhk.go.id. https://ppid.menlhk.go.id/berita/siaran-pers/6836/enhanced-ndc-komitmen-indonesia-untuk-makin-berkontribusi-dalam-menjaga-suhu-global
Prasetyo, A. W., & Windarta, J. (2022). Pemanfaatan Teknologi Carbon Capture Storage (CCS) dalam Upaya Mendukung Produksi Energi yang Berkelanjutan. Jurnal Energi Baru Dan Terbarukan, 3(3), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.14710/jebt.2022.14509
Presidential Regulation No. 14 of 2004 concerning the implementation of carbon capture and storage activities
Raiser, K., Kornek, U., Flachsland, C., & Lamb, W. F. (2020). Is the Paris Agreement effective? A systematic map of the evidence. Environmental Research Letters, 15(8), 083006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab865c
Ruo-Shui, S. U. N., GAO, X., Liang-Chun, D. E. N. G., & WANG, C. (2022). Is the Paris rulebook sufficient for effective implementation of Paris Agreement? Advances in Climate Change Research, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2022.05.003
Sato, E. (2010). International cooperation: an essential component of international relations. RECIIS, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.3395/reciis.v4i1.345en
Sepura. (n.d.). Shell Pulau Bukom Manufacturing. Sepura. Retrieved April 8, 2024, from https://www.sepura.com/case-studies/shell-pulau-bukom-manufacturing
Singapore Green Plan 2030. (n.d.). Our Global Commitment. Www.greenplan.gov.sg. Retrieved April 8, 2024, from https://www.greenplan.gov.sg/globalcommitment/#:~:text=Supporting%20the%20Paris%20Agreement&text=Although%20Singapore%20contributes%20only%200.1
Singapore’s Fifth National Communication and Fifth Biennial Update Report. (2022). https://www.nccs.gov.sg/media/publications/singapores-national-communications-and-biennial-update-reports/. In National Climate Change Secretariat Singapore. https://www.nccs.gov.sg/files/docs/default-source/publications/singapore-nc5bur5.pdf
Suryani, A. S. (2024). Potensi dan Tantangan Implementasi Carbon Capture dan Storage di Indonesia. Info Singkat, 16(1), 11–15. https://berkas.dpr.go.id/pusaka/files/info_singkat/Info%20Singkat-XVI-1-I-P3DI-Januari-2024-236.pdf
Tan, A. (2019, October 7). Parliament: About 75% of industrial emissions are from refining and petrochemicals sector. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/parliament-about-75-of-industrial-emissions-are-from-refining-and-petrochemicals-sector
Tham, N. (2020, May 27). Where do Singaporeans stand in terms of carbon dioxide emissions per capita as compared to the rest of the world? | EDPR APAC. Www.edpr.com. https://www.edpr.com/apac/en/where-do-singaporeans-stand-terms-carbon-dioxide-emissions-capita-compared-rest-world
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Singapore . (2018). Climate Change. Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/SINGAPORES-FOREIGN-POLICY/International-Issues/Climate-Change
UNFCCC. (n.d.-a). SINGAPORE’S SECOND UPDATE NDC. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-11/Singapore%20Second%20Update%20of%20First%20NDC.pdf
UNFCCC. (n.d.-b). Why the Global Stocktake is Important for Climate Action this Decade. United Nations Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/topics/global-stocktake/about-the-global-stocktake/why-the-global-stocktake-is-important-for-climate-action-this-decade
UNFCCC. (2019). Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on the third part of its first session. https://unfccc.int/documents/193407
United Nations. (2015a). Paris Agreement. United Nations.
United Nations. (2015b). The Paris Agreement. United Nations Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
Zhang, K., & Lau, H. C. (2022). Regional opportunities for CO2 capture and storage in Southeast Asia. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 116, 103628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2022.103628