The Dynamics of US Arms Sales to Taiwan: From the F-16 C/D Fighter Jets Rejection to F-16 Viper Fighter Jets Sales

Main Article Content

Hannan Alkatiry
Febry Triantama

Abstract

This research aimed to analyze the dynamics of United States arms sales to Taiwan. Taiwan as a country that is facing threats from China needs military technology weapons in maintaining its country's security. The conflict between China and Taiwan, namely territorial disputes, brought Taiwan to the United States as an ally and carried out defense cooperation by increasing arms sales to Taiwan. The United States has been carrying out arms sales since the era of President Jimmy Carter through the Regional Law, namely the Taiwan Relations Act (TRA) as the first step in cooperation in arms sales to Taiwan. The implementation was rejected by President Barack Obama over Taiwan's request for the sale of F-16C/D fighters. Using the Power and Influence theory The research focused on looking at how the United States sold the more advanced F-16 Viper fighter but previously rejected the sale of F-16C/Ds to Taiwan. The research methods used are descriptive qualitative methods and data collection through library research. The results of this study show a change in policy that there is a Security Dilemma in rejecting the F-16 C/D and selling an even more sophisticated F-16 Viper because there is Power and Influence through the actors involved and want to bring the United States to become an influential country in the world.

Article Details

How to Cite
Alkatiry, H., & Triantama, F. (2024). The Dynamics of US Arms Sales to Taiwan: From the F-16 C/D Fighter Jets Rejection to F-16 Viper Fighter Jets Sales. Journal of International Studies on Energy Affairs, 5(1), 95–123. https://doi.org/10.51413/jisea.Vol5.Iss1.2024.95-123
Section
Articles

References

Airforce Technology. (2020). Taiwan signs deal to purchase 66 F-16 jets from Lockheed Martin. Airforce Technology. https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/taiwan-66-f-16-jets/

Aitken, A. (2013). The Future of U.S.-Taiwan Arms Sales. The Agora: Political Science Undergradueate Journal, Vol. 3 No. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29173/agora19032

Alam, M. H. Z. (2016). Taiwan-U.S Cooperation Facing China Reunification Policy, 1981-2007. University of Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta.

An, D. (2019). Assessing the Advantages of F-16V for Taiwan. Global Taiwan Institute. https://globaltaiwan.org/member/david-an/

Anggraini, J. C. (2019). PENGARUH PENINGKATAN KAPABILITAS MILITER TAIWAN TERHADAP TAIWAN STATE’S CONFINDENCE DALAM MERESPON ANCAMAN DARI CINA. http://eprints.umm.ac.id/id/eprint/46664

Annur, C. M. (2022). Militer Rusia Terkuat ke-3 dari 26 Negara Berpengaruh di Asia. Databoks.Com. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/02/25/militer-rusia-terkuat-ke-3-dari-26-negara-berpengaruh-di-asia

Anwar, M. C. (2022). Daftar Negara Pengekspor Senjata Terbesar Dunia, AS dan Rusia Bersaing. Kompas.Com. https://money.kompas.com/read/2022/03/01/153719126/daftar-negara-pengekspor-senjata-terbesar-dunia-as-dan-rusia-bersaing?page=all

Aryodiguno, H. (2022). Mengapa Amerika Serikat Selalu Gunakan Standar Ganda dalam Urusan Taiwan? SindoNews. https://nasional.sindonews.com/read/949397/18/mengapa-amerika-serikat-selalu-gunakan-standar-ganda-dalam-urusan-taiwan-1669183913

Atkinson, J. (2014). Time for Taiwan to Rethink Its Diplomacy. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/time-for-taiwan-to-rethink-diplomacy/

Azizah, M. (2018). Kepentingan Amerika Serikat dalam Kerjasama Militer dengan Taiwan Pasca Konflik China dan Taiwan.

Beckwith, R. T. (2016). Read Donald Trump’s “America First” Foreign Policy Speech. Time.Com. https://time.com/4309786/read-donald-trumps-america-first-foreign-policy-speech/

Chang, J. J. (2000). Lessons from the Taiwan Relations Act. https://www.comw.org/cmp/fulltext/00chang.pdf

Cheng, D. (2011). Getting Serious About Taiwan’s Air Power Needs. https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/getting-serious-about-taiwans-air-power-needs

CIP. (n.d.). Why U.S. and Taiwan Agree to Arms Sales? Security Assistance Monitor. https://securityassistance.org/why-u-s-and-taiwan-agree-to-arms-sales/

Colby, E. A. (2022). Why Protecting Taiwan Really Matters to the U.S. Time.Com. https://time.com/6221072/why-protecting-taiwan-really-matters-to-the-u-s/

Dangwal, A. (2021). F-16 Viper: Taiwan Inducts The Most-Advanced F-16s Ever-Built; Can They Overpower PLAAF Jets In An Aerial-Duel? The EurAsian. https://eurasiantimes.com/f-16-viper-can-taiwan-advanced-fighter-counter-chinese-plaaf/

Darmawan, F. E. B. (2015). DAMPAK KERJASAMA MILITER AMERIKA SERIKAT-TAIWAN TERHADAP HUBUNGAN AMERIKA SERIKAT-CINA.

Dihni, V. A. (2022). 10 Negara dengan Ekonomi Terbesar di Dunia pada 2021. Databoks.Com. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/01/05/10-negara-dengan-ekonomi-terbesar-di-dunia-pada-2021

Er, L. P. (2016). China, the United States, Alliances, and War: Avoiding the Thucydides Trap? Asian Affairs(UK), 43(2), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2016.1150765

Fengyuan, D. (2020). U.S. and Taiwan: A dangerous arms sales game. CGTN News. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-07-14/U-S-and-Taiwan-A-dangerous-arms-sales-game-S0VSRtAqbu/index.html

Franck, R. E., & Melese, F. (2003). A game theory view of military conflict in the Taiwan Strait. Defense and Security Analysis, 19(4), 327–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475179032000149412

Frontier India News Network. (2021). Taiwan deploys F-16V fighter aircraft against China. Frontier India. Taiwan deploys F-16V fighter aircraft against China

Gregor, A. J. (1997). Arms Transfers , Military Intervention , and the Taiwan Mission Any effort. 4(2), 33–44.

Grevatt, J. (2022). US commits to ‘asymmetric defence strategy’’ for Taiwan.’ Janes. https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/us-commits-to-asymmetric-defence-strategy-for-taiwan

Hickey, D. V. (2013). U.S. policy toward Taiwan: Time for change? Asian Affairs An American Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2013.847747

Hillebrand, R. (2019). Germany and the New Global Order: The Country’s Power Resources Reassessed. E-International Relations. https://www.e-ir.info/2019/09/22/germany-and-the-new-global-order-the-countrys-power-resources-reassessed/

Irwin Crookes, P. (2016). The Political and Security Nexus of the Taiwan Strait and China’s New Military Capabilities. RUSI Journal, 161(2), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2016.1174482

Johnson, R. A. I., & Willardson, S. L. (2018). Human rights and democratic arms transfers: Rhetoric versus reality with different types of major weapon systems. International Studies Quarterly, 62(2), 453–464. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqx077

Kan, S. A. (2014). Taiwan: Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/weapons/RL30957.pdf

Kinsella, D. (1998). Arms Transfer Dependence and Foreign Policy Conflict. 35(1), 7–23.

Kompas. (2021). Hubungan China dan Taiwan: Awal Konflik, Perang, dan Ketegangan Baru. Kompas.Com. https://internasional.kompas.com/read/2021/12/21/220000770/hubungan-china-dan-taiwan--awal-konflik-perang-dan-ketegangan-baru?page=all

Krause, K. (1991). Military Statecraft: Power and Influence in Soviet and American Arms Transfer Relationships. Internationlal Studies Quarterly, 35, 313–336.

Lawler, D. (2023). U.S. dominates global arms sales, with Russia falling far behind. Axios World. https://www.axios.com/2023/03/14/global-arms-sales-us-dominates-russia

Lee, J. (2019). Why a US Sale of Fighter Jets to Taiwan Matters. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/why-a-us-sale-of-fighter-jets-to-taiwan-matters/

Lee, S. (2022). Towards Instability: The Shifting Nuclear-Conventional Dynamics In the Taiwan Strait. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/25751654.2022.2055912

Lendon, B. (2020). US finalizes sale of 66 F-16 fighters to Taiwan as China tensions escalate. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/17/asia/taiwan-us-f-16-fighter-purchase-intl-hnk-scli/index.html

MFANews. (2023). US Hegemony and Its Perils. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjbxw/202302/t20230220_11027664.html

Molchanov, M. (2012). Hegemonic Power. Hegemonic Power is a state or empire that leads a military-political hierarchy consisting of allied countries that are subject to submission and commands the obedience of these countries through superior military power (Molchanov, 2012)

Mubah, A. S. (2014). Kajian Historis atas Kompleksitas Isu Taiwan dalam Hubungan China dan Amerika Serikat. Mubah, A.(Global & Strategis, Th. 8, No. 2). http://journal.unair.ac.id/download-fullpapers-jgsa50fae61862full.pdf

Newdick, T. (2021). Taiwan Has Declared Its Upgraded F-16V Fighter Jets Fully Operational. https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/43193/taiwan-has-declared-its-upgraded-f-16v-fighter-jets-fully-operational

Ningrum, L. N. (2022). ALASAN TAIWAN MELAKUKAN PEMBELIAN ALUTSISTA DENGAN AMERIKA SERIKAT PADA TAHUN 2017 – 2020. http://eprints.umm.ac.id/id/eprint/97478

O’Hanlon, M. E. (2019). The Senkaku Paradox: Risking Great Power War Over Small Stakes. Washington D.C: Brookings Institution Press.

Parameswaran, P. (2015). US Approves New Taiwan Arms Sale Package Worth $1.83 Billion. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/us-approves-new-taiwan-arms-sale-package-worth-1-83-billion/

Paul, T. V. (1992). Influence through Arms Transfers: Lessons from the U.S.-Pakistani Relationship. Asian Survey, 32(12), 1078–1092. https://doi.org/10.2307/2645039

Pierre, A. J. (2015). The Global Politics of Arms Sales. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=en&lr=&id=2rX_AwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=arms+transfers&ots=MZcyg0KpRg&sig=mbV0naRI53hvI5z-1qM0Obl2SME&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=arms transfers&f=false

Research, I. for N. P. (n.d.). Trump’s Ten Arms Sales to Taiwan, Military Rebalance in the Taiwan Strait. Institute for National Policy Research. http://inpr.org.tw/m/405-1728-8533,c111.php?Lang=en

Reuters Staff. (2019). Factbox: U.S. arms sales to Taiwan in past decade. Aerospace-Defense. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-china-defence-factbox-idUSKCN1T717N

Rosamond, B. (2016). hegemony. Britannia.Com. https://www.britannica.com/topic/patrimonialism

Scobell, A. (2018). The south China sea and U.S.-China rivalry. Political Science Quarterly, 133(2), 199–224. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12772

Shumei, L., & Yelu, X. (2021). US officials hyping Taiwan tensions for hegemony; PLA maintains readiness: expert. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202112/1240734.shtml

Shushen, W. (2022). Adjustments in U.S. Arms Sales Policy toward Taiwan: Characteristics, Trends, and Implications. CSIS.Org. https://interpret.csis.org/translations/adjustments-in-u-s-arms-sales-policy-toward-taiwan-characteristics-trends-and-implications/

SIPRI. (2022). Global arms trade falls slightly, but imports to Europe, East Asia and Oceania rise. STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE. https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/global-arms-trade-falls-slightly-imports-europe-east-asia-and-oceania-rise

Syafiqa, A. (2016). Aliansi pertahanan Taiwan-Amerika Serikat dalam menghadapi One China Policy Periode 2011-2014. In Repository.Uinjkt.Ac.Id. http://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/40492%0Ahttp://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/bitstream/123456789/40492/2/ALVIA SYAFIQA-FISIP.pdf

Syahbuddin. (2019). Eksistensi Kepentingan Global Amerika Serikat dalam Konflik Tiongkok-Taiwan. Jurnal Pendidikan IPS, Vol. 9, No.

Tara, K. (2001). Small Arms and Security in Southeast Asia, Small Arms and South East Asian Security.

Templeman, K. (2022). How Democratic Is Taiwan ? Evaluating Twenty Years of Political Change. 18(2), 1–24.

Tempo. (2021). Taiwan Jadi Operator Pertama Jet Tempur F-16V, Ini Keunggulannya. Tempo.Com. https://tekno.tempo.co/read/1530227/taiwan-jadi-operator-pertama-jet-tempur-f-16v-ini-keunggulannya

Thrall, A. T., & Dorminey, C. (2018). Risky Business: The Role of Arms Sales in U.S. Foreign Policy. CATO Institute. https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/risky-business-role-arms-sales-us-foreign-policy

Tiezzi, S. (2014). Why The US Will Not Sell Advanced Fighters To Taiwan. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/why-the-us-will-not-sell-advanced-fighters-to-taiwan/

Townshend, A. (2017). AMERICA FIRST: US ASIA POLICY UNDER PRESIDENT TRUMP. United States Studies Centre.

USC Annenberg. (1992). Bush Announces Sale Of F-16 Aircraft To Taiwan, 1992. USC US - China Institute. https://china.usc.edu/bush-announces-sale-f-16-aircraft-taiwan-1992

Vergun, D. (2020). Officials Describe How Arms Sales Benefit the U.S., Partners. U.S Department of Defense. https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2435951/officials-describe-how-arms-sales-benefit-the-us-partners/

Victoria, A. (2018). About national defence. ResearchGate, December. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24603.52004

Wang, V. W. (2019). Nationalism, Alliances, and Geopolitics: US-China-Taiwan Ties under Trump and Xi.

White House. (2021). U.S. Arms Sales and Defense Trade. U.S Department of State. https://www.state.gov/u-s-arms-sales-and-defense-trade/

White House. (2023). Memorandum on United States Conventional Arms Transfer Policy. WhiteHouse.Gov. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2023/02/23/memorandum-on-united-states-conventional-arms-transfer-policy/

Wiratama, D. T. (2017). The Golden Age of China-Taiwan Relations : The Explanation and Its Future. Vol. 1 No. 1 (2017): International Phenomenon, 69–80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v1i1.4130.69-80

Wolf, J. (2011). Taiwan portrays Obama as yielding to China. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-arms/taiwan-portrays-obama-as-yielding-to-china-idUKTRE78I3WO20110919

Wong, E. (2017). Trump Administration Approves F-16 Fighter Jet Sales to Taiwan. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/world/asia/taiwan-f16.html

Wong, E. (2019). Trump Administration Approves F-16 Fighter Jet Sales to Taiwan. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/16/world/asia/taiwan-f16.html

Zubaidah, A. A., & Herningtyas, R. (2019). CONCILIATOR VS BLOC LEADER : PERBANDINGAN KEBIJAKAN BARACK OBAMA & DONALD TRUMP DALAM MERESPON PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI CHINA. Jurnal Ilmiah Widya Sosiopolitika. http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/29805