How Iran Overrides IAEA to Examine Iran's Nuclear Energy Development

In human life


INTRODUCTION
Energy is one of the most significant components in people's life because most of their needs are tied to it, both in terms of clothing and food as well as natural necessities like sunlight. Energy is also frequently used to help communal activities, such as electricity and transportation, in addition to addressing communal requirements. However, many countries continue to rely on fossil fuels to fulfill their energy needs, causing fossil fuel availability to be in short supply at the moment. As a result, countries are beginning to shift to alternative energy sources, such as nuclear power. However, nuclear energy is only used by a few countries because nuclear energy is not available to all countries. Nuclear energy, on the other hand, is one of the energy sources that is thought to be capable of meeting human life's needs. When used for good purposes, nuclear energy plays a critical role in ensuring human welfare.
Apart from fulfilling human needs, at the same time, nukes can also become tools of human destruction, where the military use nukes as the main ingredients for creating weapons of mass destruction. In human life, weapons of mass destruction pose a threat to all. The first nuclear bomb test was conducted by allied nations in 1939 after Albert Einstein wrote to US President, Franklin D. Roosevelt that an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction was a potential base for weapons of mass destruction (Mukhlis, 1997). The United States later supported the construction of the Manhattan project that was part of the nuclear power plant. The United States government provided relief of some 6,000 U.S. dollars in 1940 for the construction of the project. In the world of weaponry, a nuclear bomb is one of the most dangerous weapons because a single launch can devastate a large enough area.
The world history record summarates the use of nuclear bombs in the wars in which the United States used nuclear bombs to destroy the cities of Hirosima and Nagasaki in Japan during World War II. The explosive capability of nuclear bombs attracted the attention of super power states to help their country's military forces. But the explosion of the nuclear bomb left a big trauma to society in the world that the international world began to move to prevent similar events. The UN, an international, overshadowing organization of countries around the world, has decided that a new agency focused on restrictions on the use and development of nuclear energy and that it is under the UN's auspices. It is the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) founded on July 29, 1957. With the advent of the IAEA, in 1968 there was a nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT) that curbed nuclear weapons possession and was one of the regulations governing the implementation of nuclear energy development systems by members of the IAEA (IAEA, 2011).
Since the era of war has ended, the international world has no longer felt the presence of weapons of mass destruction. But the absence of weapons of mass destruction on the surface does not ensure that nuclear nations do not develop their nuclear power. In fact, some countries that have nuclear powers are still developing nuclear power in their countries. One of the countries is Iran, where Iran has joined an international organization that is in the field of nuclear restrictions, but in reality it is not considered to be a force for peace. The announcement of the issue was made by Benjamin Netanyahu, the Israeli Prime Minister, who announced that Iran is still developing its country's nuclear weapons and is also being used for military purposes. This runs counter to Iran's commitment as a member of the IAEA that joined as early as 1958. Moreover, in 1970 Iran also became one of the countries that signed the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons (NPT) and also established protocol for signing the agreement in 1997. In response to these allegations, Iran has always responded that they are developing the nuclear warhead for only the needs of electricity and is under the assumption that the manufacture of nuclear weapons is a big mistake.
The statute states that each state that signs and ratifies the agreement must carry out its duties as a member, whereby reporting on all atomic and nuclear activities being carried out by the country, can be included in article viii discussing an information exchange under the IAEA (IAEA, 2011). Not only that, the IAEA also has the right to monitor and monitor every nuclear activity carried out by its member states, from site to site. Since the many issues about Iran's nuclear development circulated, the IAEA on February 23, 2012, finally announced that the rumors were true. This is proven by the disappearance of a small amount of uranium between 19.8 kilograms of uranium research sites in Iran, where Iran has reached 20% uranium for enrichment and another 70% for use in nuclear weapons (Hendrasica, 2007). That fact was later reinforced by Iran's refusal of IAEA team of experts to visit what is thought to be a nuclear weapons development site, a military base in Parchin. Therefore, this research aims to analysi how Iran overrides the IEAE in dealing with nuclear as energy using unilateral scheme. It will be assessed from neoliberalism institutionalism from the International Relations studies.
The study of literature that the author used in this paper is the journal of Akbar & Kodimerinda (2012) under the title "Iran's nuclear development and diplomacy to IAEA". One of the conditions for the nuclear state is to have advanced nuclear technologies, and Iran becomes one of the countries that own the technology. Iran is a threat to the world as its nuclear power reaches Israel and the United States also considers it a rival. But to keep its country safe and stable, Iran has declared that its nuclear technology is only for peace purposes that Iran is allowed to develop its nuclear power. In the meantime, Iran also allows the IAEA to check on its country's nuclear technologies. But the United States always claims that Iran develops its nuclear weapons not only for peaceful purposes but also for nuclear weapons, so with its power, the United States has been able to influence the UN to impose economic sanctions on Iran. This was done in order for Iran to call off its nuclear program. But it does not affect Iran because Iran thinks that nuclear energy is superior to oil.
A second journal published as literature review is a journal written by mikail & Fathoni (2019) entitled "Iran's nuclear development program and its effect on Iranian society (1957-2006 c.e.), in which article Mikail & Fathoni discusses Iran's nuclear development that has been developed that has resulted in much of the conflicts and conflicts of the west. The problem in the journal is the beginning of Iran's nuclear program and the response from the Middle East to Iran's actions. Research into the history of Iran's nuclear program in 1957 and there is a collaboration between Mohammad Shah Reza Pahlavi and the United States when Dwight d. Eisenhower became President of the United States (Mikail & Fathoni, 2019). In the aftermath of the Iranian war, Iran's enthusiasm for developing its nuclear program is increasing even in some conditions that Iran puts its nuclear interests ahead of its people's well-being. Just as the first journal mentioned, it also mentions the U.S. sanctions imposed on Iran, which has left Iran in a bad way for oil and gas exports.
The last literature used by the author in this paper is the Sundari Journal (2020) with the research objective of 'United States Strategy in Suppressing Iran's Nuclear Development'. This journal discusses the relationship between Iran and the United States which initially improved and cooperated in an agreement called the JCPOA. In the agreement, the United States and several other nuclear countries agreed to limit their nuclear energy and carry out development only for peaceful purposes. But in 2018, the United States decided to leave the agreement because Iran was deemed to have violated the agreement.

RESEARCH METHOD
In analyzing and answering the questions listed in the problem formulation, the author will use qualitative research methods. Qualitative research method is research that tries to understand the meanings that come from social or humanitarian problems (Creswell, 2003). The data in non-numeric form that will be used in this paper will be analyzed and evaluated using qualitative research methods. The author chose the qualitative method because basically this method does not have a rigid procedure where researchers are free to explore an event or object of study in research. But even so, researchers are still required to provide an in-depth and detailed analysis. The author collects data on Iran's efforts in dealing with the IAEA which implements a unilateral policy to conduct inspections of Iran's nuclear energy using document-based data collection techniques such as research reports, official websites, journals and reference books as well as other supporting data on various related websites. with this research.
From these sources, the author will find secondary data which will then be poured into a report on the results of this study. In addition, the author will also conduct an interview technique to obtain primary data with the sources intended by the author. The data that will be used by the author in this study are in the form of official documents issued by the government so that this research can produce a novelty. In addition to interviewing the embassy, the author will also conduct interviews with selected sources that are relevant to the author's research topic. The topic of discussion that will be described by the author in this study is the efforts made by Iran in rejecting the IAEA's actions to examine nuclear development in Iran. Before discussing these points, the author will provide a discussion of the reasons the IAEA wants to examine Iran's nuclear development first.
In this study, the author uses the Neoliberal Institutionalism Theory as a theoretical point of view. Neoliberal Institutionalism as one of the major theories of IR believes that there is a pluralism of IR actors including states, bureaucracies, international government organizations, international non-governmental organizations, antiestablishment groups, transnational corporations, and individuals whose actions have transnational impacts that bring various interrelated issues. overlapping (overlapping mutiple issues) (Hadiwinata, 2017). The author then uses the work of David Mitrany to provide an analysis of the theory. In his work entitled The Functional Approach to World Organization (1948) and The Functional Theory of Politics (1975), the author finds the concept of functionalism which will analyze the problem formulation in this study. An organization at the global or regional level can last a long time if it is built on the premise of efficient administration and minimal use of resources (Mitrany, 1975).
An organization that is run efficiently, coupled with the provision of appropriate incentives and sanctions for its members can strengthen the solidity that is essential for world peace and order (Popoviciu, 2010). In his journal, Mitrany focuses on the reasons and ways in which a global or regional organization can survive. Some countries in this world basically still have not been able to develop their country with their own power so they still need help from other countries. Therefore, Mitrany gives full hope to the formation of international or regional organizations that are adapted to their functions so that there is no overlap between fellow organizations. In addition, Mitrany also emphasized that all countries in the world can unite in functional cooperation if there is no military intervention from superpower countries in the organization. The scheme below shows how theoretical framework in analysing this research.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Basically, the Iranian nuclear case is motivated by Iran's activities which are enriching uranium which can be used as the main material for making nuclear reactors which started before 2003 (Hendrasica, 2007). The IAEA, which is the nuclear watchdog, suspects Iran of violating its commitments at the IAEA because during that period Iran was proven to have built another uranium enrichment building. But Iran denies the violation because the new facilities were set up only to assist the nuclear program in the interests of Iran's future. Iran and the IAEA reestablished a work program on the development of nuclear weapons in Iran in 2007. All the accusations in the Iran nuclear case at that time had been well resolved by the IAEA. However, in 2018, the IAEA again announced that Iran's problem was still unresolved, namely Iran's military involvement in Iran's nuclear program. Then recently on May 25, 2012, IAEA leader Yukiya Amano reported to the Security Council and the IAEA Council that Iran questioned the authenticity of the evidence that had been submitted which showed that Iran was indeed developing nuclear weapons so that the Iranian nuclear case was still unresolved ( Hendrasica, 2007 At the time of its meeting, the IAEA claimed that Iran did not provide a detailed explanation so that suspicions about Iran's nuclear power resurfaced. According to Iran, through its Ambassador to the IAEA, Ali Asghar Soltanieh, Iran will only agree to the request of the IAEA delegation to visit the Parchin military site, if the two sides have negotiated and agreed on a certain framework of cooperation that addresses the problems of both parties (Samore, 2015). ). Parchin became the main target of the IAEA in the request for the visit because the region is considered a place where Iran is developing its nuclear weapons and the issue is being promoted by western countries. But the request was rejected by Iran because under the NPT agreement, Iran has no legal obligation to accept the request. The number of parties who started to get involved in Iran's nuclear condition, such as negotiations from President Barack Obama with the aim of avoiding a war finally prompted Iran to give access to Parchin to the IAEA in 2012. The main reason for Iran's rejection of the IAEA visit to the military area Iran is Iran's view that sees that the IAEA has become part of western countries that are trying to divulge Iranian military secrets. Accusations from other countries stating that Iran is developing nuclear weapons have never subsided, even today they are still ongoing. And Iran has always denied these accusations because Iran is a member of the IAEA and also a country that signed the NPT so that Iran has the right to develop its nuclear weapons for peace purposes. This right prompted Iran to sign and ratify the treaty.
In relation to the case of Iran's rejection of the examination of nuclear energy development by the IAEA into the territory of its country, especially the Iranian military area, namely Parchin, the Iranian side said that as a member of the NPT they had carried out every provision in the NPT agreement so that there was no need for an inspection by the IAEA. which in this case is the supervisor of nuclear energy development activities (Kerrl, 2012). All of Iran's commitments and agreements with the IAEA and the NPT have been carried out by Iran well so that the accusations handed down by western countries to Iran become an act of discrimination against Iran and also until now there has been no concrete evidence against the accusation of developing nuclear weapons. Apart from the reasons previously explained, another factor that pushed Iran to refuse the IAEA to conduct an inspection of Iran's nuclear weapons was the absence of a framework for cooperation made by the two parties in which the framework became access to enter Iran's territory. The two sides have often negotiated to resolve the issue, but have always failed because the IAEA and Iran have imposed too much on their own will. In addition, in every agreement that has been agreed, Iran has no obligation to open access to Iran so that the IAEA always uses UN Security Council Resolutions to pressure Iran. However, due to the absence of accurate evidence, the UN Security Council has also not been able to conduct an examination of Iran.
In the concept of functionalism, Iran's actions are a form of the country's disapproval of the IAEA's alignment with the United States as an international organization. The IAEA's approach to Iran to limit Iran's nuclear development would be successful if there were no other powers to intervene in the organization. But in reality, the IAEA is still promoted by the United States. Iran, which basically sees the United States as an enemy, begins to doubt the existence of the IAEA because one of the main purposes of the IAEA to conduct inspections on Iran is because of a request from the United States. In addition, in the NPT agreement where all nuclear countries began to cooperate to deal with nuclear in their respective countries, the United States in 2018 decided to leave the agreement. Iran, which is the main reason the United States left the agreement, sees the United States' action as a step to seek safety. Meanwhile, Iran, which is accused of nuclear cases, still maintains its commitment to the NPT. Until the era of the new president, the United States finally rejoined the NPT and made efforts to negotiate on the Iranian nuclear issue. And this effort was also responded to by Iran so that Iran provided more detailed clarity regarding its country's nuclear development.
Iran's decision to reduce monitoring marks its latest step and one of the most significant steps it has taken to limit compliance with the JCPOA since the United States withdrew from the deal in 2018 and reimposed tough economic sanctions on Iran. Tehran began violating the deal one year later, in 2019 but stated that all breaches of the agreement, including the reduction of its monitoring, would be cancelled if JCPOA sanctions were lifted. On May 24, 2021, Iran and the IAEA extended an agreement to maintain surveillance footage at declared nuclear sites by no later than one month. The agreement will expire on June 24, a week after Iran's presidential election on June 18. The extension is designed to allow more time for negotiations in Vienna to bring Iran and the United States back into compliance with the 2015 nuclear deal. Many have recommended that they take advantage of this opportunity which has been provided in good faith by Iran and all sanctions imposed can revoked in a practical and verifiable manner. The statement was made by Ambassador Kazem Gharibabadi, Iran's representative to the UN watchdog.